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The higher the burn-up, the more plutonium in the spent fuel, but the lower the fraction of fissile plutonium. It behaves like U-235 and its fission releases a similar amount of energy. Normally, with the fuel being changed every three years or so, about half of the Pu-239 is 'burned' in the reactor, providing about one third of the total energy. All of the other reprocessing nations have long had nuclear weapons from military-focused "research"-reactor fuels except for Japan. Reprocessing of spent commercial-reactor nuclear fuel has not been permitted in the United States due to nonproliferation considerations. Bush Administration to form an international partnership to see spent nuclear fuel reprocessed in a way that renders the plutonium in it usable for nuclear fuel but not for nuclear weapons. The Global Nuclear Energy Partnership, was a U.S. China plans to develop fast breeder reactors (see CEFR) and reprocessing. As of 2015, MOX fuel is made in France (see Marcoule Nuclear Site), and to a lesser extent in Russia (see Mining and Chemical Combine), India and Japan. Reprocessing of commercial nuclear fuel to make MOX was done in the Sellafield MOX Plant (England). Some concern has been expressed that used MOX cores will introduce new disposal challenges, though MOX is itself a means to dispose of surplus plutonium by transmutation. MOX fuel is an alternative to low enriched uranium (LEU) fuel used in the light water reactors which predominate nuclear power generation.
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Mixed oxide, or MOX fuel, is a blend of plutonium and natural or depleted uranium which behaves similarly (though not identically) to the enriched uranium feed for which most nuclear reactors were designed. The thermal conductivity of uranium dioxide is very low compared with that of zirconium metal, and it goes down as the temperature goes up.Ĭorrosion of uranium dioxide in water is controlled by similar electrochemical processes to the galvanic corrosion of a metal surface. The aim is to form a dense solid which has few pores. The UO 2 is mixed with an organic binder and pressed into pellets, these pellets are then fired at a much higher temperature (in H 2/Ar) to sinter the solid. It can be made by heating uranyl nitrate to form UOģ UO 2 ( NO 3 ) 2 ⋅ 6 H 2 O ⟶ UO 3 + 2 NO 2 + 1 2 O 2 + 6 H 2 O ( g ) This is then heated (calcined) to form UOģ and U 3O 8 which is then converted by heating with hydrogen or ammonia to form UO 2. Uranium dioxide is a black semiconducting solid. The thermal conductivity of zirconium metal and uranium dioxide as a function of temperature Uranium dioxide 10.2 Radioisotope thermoelectric generatorįor fission reactors, the fuel (typically based on uranium) is usually based on the metal oxide the oxides are used rather than the metals themselves because the oxide melting point is much higher than that of the metal and because it cannot burn, being already in the oxidized state.9 Fuel behavior and post-irradiation examination.8.1 Oxide fuel under accident conditions.
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5 Common physical forms of nuclear fuel.Nuclear fuel has the highest energy density of all practical fuel sources. Not all types of nuclear fuels create power from nuclear fission plutonium-238 and some other elements are used to produce small amounts of nuclear power by radioactive decay in radioisotope thermoelectric generators and other types of atomic batteries. The processes involved in mining, refining, purifying, using, and disposing of nuclear fuel are collectively known as the nuclear fuel cycle. This creates a self-sustaining chain reaction that is controlled in a nuclear reactor, or uncontrolled in a nuclear weapon. These neutrons then go on to split more nuclei. When the unstable nuclei of these atoms are hit by a slow-moving neutron, they split, creating two daughter nuclei and two or three more neutrons. The three most relevant fissile isotopes are uranium-233, uranium-235 and plutonium-239. Most nuclear fuels contain heavy fissile actinide elements that are capable of undergoing and sustaining nuclear fission. Heat is created when nuclear fuel undergoes nuclear fission. Nuclear fuel is material used in nuclear power stations to produce heat to power turbines.
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